Thirteen unmodified lignin samples from different biomass sources and isolation processes were characterized and used to entirely replace bisphenol A (BPA) in the formulation of solubilized epoxy resins using a developed novel method. The objective was to measure the reactivity of different lignins toward bio-based epichlorohydrin (ECH). The epoxy contents of various bio-based epoxidized lignins were measured by titration and 1 H NMR spectroscopy methods. A partial least square regression (PLS-R) model with 92?% fitting accuracy and 90?% prediction ability was developed to find correlations between lignin properties and their epoxy contents. The results showed that lignins with higher phenolic hydroxy content and lower molecular weights were more suitable for replacing 100?% of toxic BPA in the formulation of epoxy resins. Additionally, two epoxidized lignin samples (highest epoxy contents) cured by using a bio-based hardener (Cardolite GX-3090) were found to show comparable thermomechanical performances and thermal stabilities to a petroleum-based (DGEBA) epoxy system.Various neurological disorders, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), involve neuroinflammatory responses. The advent of the gut-brain axis enhances our understanding of neurological disease progression and secondary cell death. Gut microbiomes, especially those associated with inflammation, may reflect the dysbiosis of both the brain and the gut, opening the possibility to utilize inflammatory microbiomes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The gut-brain axis may serve as a contributing factor to disease pathology and offer innovative approaches in cell-based regenerative medicine for the treatment of neurological diseases. In reviewing the pathogenesis of stroke and AD, we also discuss the effects of gut microbiota on cognitive decline and brain pathology. Although the underlying mechanism of primary cell death from either disease is clearly distinct, both may be linked to gut-microbial dysfunction as a consequential aberration that is unique to each disease. Targeting peripheral cell death pathways that exacerbate disease symptoms, such as those arising from the gut, coupled with conventional central therapeutic approach, may improve stroke and AD outcomes.The development of novel single atom catalyst (SAC) is highly desirable in organic synthesis to achieve the maximized atomic efficiency. Here, a Co-based SAC on nitrogen-doped graphene (SACo@NG) with high Co content of 4.1 wt% is reported. Various characterization results suggest that the monodispersed Co atoms are coordinated with N atoms to form robust and highly effective catalytic centers to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for organic selective oxidation. The catalytic performance of the SACo@NG/PMS system is conducted on the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BzOH) showing high efficiency with over 90% conversion and benzaldehyde selectivity within 180 min under mild conditions. Both radical and non-radical processes occurred in the selective oxidation of BzOH, but the non-radical oxidation plays the dominant role which is accomplished by the adsorption of BzOH/PMS on the surface of SACo@NG and the subsequent electron transfer through the carbon matrix. This work provides new insights to the preparation of efficient transition metal-based single atom catalysts and their potential applications in PMS mediated selective oxidation of alcohols.La- and Rh-co-doped SrTiO3 (STOLa/Rh) hollow multishelled structures (HoMSs) are fabricated by adding La3+ and Rh3+ ions during the hydrothermal process of converting TiO2 HoMSs to STO HoMSs. STOLa/Rh HoMSs have successfully expanded the light absorption edge to 520 nm. Accompanied with the benefits of the unique hierarchical structure and relatively thin shells, STOLa/Rh HoMSs exhibit elevated light-harvesting capacity and charge separation efficiency. Compared with STOLa/Rh nanoparticles (NPs), STOLa/Rh HoMSs demonstrate enhanced photocurrent response, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, and the quantum efficiency. Moreover, overall water splitting is realized by a Z-scheme system combining STOLa/Rh HoMSs with BiVO4 (BVO) nanosheets with 1 wt% Pt as the co-catalyst. Steady evolution of hydrogen and oxygen is performed under both visible light and simulated sunlight irradiation. The solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of double-shelled STOLa/Rh HoMS-BVO photocatalysts reaches 0.08%, which is twofold higher than STOLa/Rh NP-BVO photocatalysts.The commercialization of fuel cells, especially for direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) and proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), is significantly restrained by the high cost, poor stability, and sluggish kinetics of platinum group metals (PGM) catalysts for both the anodic formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) and the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Currently, it has confronted with challenges, including exploring highly active, cost-effective, and stable catalysts to replace PGM for DFAFCs and PEMFCs. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-674563.html Recently, the increasing investigation has been focused on the single-atom catalysts (SACs) to enhance the catalytic performance owing to the maximum atom utilization and highly exposed active sites. The aim of this review is to present the recent research activities on carbon supported SACs. At the beginning of the review, metal-based SACs supported on different carbon supports, and the typical characterization methods are introduced. Subsequently, recent advances in metal-based SACs for FAOR and ORR catalysis are scientifically summarized. Particularly, some representative metal-based SACs for ORR activity are further exemplified with a deeper understanding of structure-activity relationships. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of SACs are prospected, such as the mechanism understanding and commercial applications.Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) utilization is impaired in older individuals, and IMCL accumulation is associated with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that increasing muscle total carnitine content in older men would increase fat oxidation and IMCL utilization during exercise, and improve insulin sensitivity. Fourteen healthy older men (69 ± 1 year, BMI 26.5 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ) performed 1 h of cycling at 50% VO2 max and, on a separate occasion, underwent a 60 mU/m2 /min euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp before and after 25 weeks of daily ingestion of a 220 ml insulinogenic beverage (44.4 g carbohydrate, 13.8 g protein) containing 4.5 g placebo (n = 7) or L-carnitine L-tartrate (n = 7). During supplementation, participants performed twice-weekly cycling for 1 h at 50% VO2 max. Placebo ingestion had no effect on muscle carnitine content or total fat oxidation during exercise at 50% VO2 max. L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a 20% increase in muscle total carnitine content (20.1 ± 1.2 to 23.9 ± 1.7 mmol/kg/dm; p less then 0.